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West African Contributions to Science and Technology (Reklaw Education Lecture Series Book 11)

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West African Contributions to Science and Technology (Reklaw Education Lecture Series Book 11)

4.85 64,369 Ratings
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Editor's Note:
When West Africa is mentioned in a historical context, it is usually presented as the traditional hunting ground for slaves. Very few writers have shown any interest in the contributions of West Africans to science and technology, and thus there has been very little research that challenges the perspective that all that West Africans have ever been historically is to be under the whip of other peoples.Fortunately, the tide is beginning to change, a National Geographic article entitled Reclaiming the Ancient Manuscripts of Timbuktu mentioned that some scholars believe that 700,000 manuscripts, some dating to the twelfth century, have survived in the West African city of Timbuktu. They also say the manuscripts ‘covered an array of subjects: astronomy, medicine, mathematics, chemistry,’ etcetera.The article mentioned other data that is little known today but well worth repeating: ‘Beginning in the 12th century, Timbuktu was becoming one of the great centers of learning in the Islamic world. Scholars and students traveled from as far away as Cairo, Baghdad, and elsewhere in Persia to study from the noted manuscripts found in Timbuktu. Respected scholars who taught in Timbuktu were referred to as ambassadors of peace throughout North Africa.’Like the National Geographic article, this lecture essay presents a different side to West African historical achievements. Challenging all stereotypes, it is a general introduction to the exciting role played by early West Africans in the evolution of Mathematics, Astronomy & Physics, Metallurgy, Medicine & Surgery, Boat building & Navigation, Architecture, and Crafts & Industry.There are some interesting findings that that appear in this text:•The Bamoun Kingdom, now in today’s Cameroon, has 7,000 surviving manuscripts in their own script•Timbuktu astronomers used the cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant functions of trigonometry•The Dogon of Mali had an early and wholly indigenous notion of ‘big bang’ derived from a singularity•A number of iron and copper tools were excavated in Senegal dating from 2800 BC•The total amount of gold mined in the desert regions of West Africa to the year 1500 was $35 billion at 1998 gold prices•A surviving sixteenth century Timbuktu manuscript has a formula for making toothpaste and adds that regular brushing of your teeth removes bad breath•The majority of enslaved Africans were inoculated against smallpox BEFORE they were deported from Africa•A 1342 text published in Cairo mentions two royal Malian voyages sailing across the Atlantic involving hundreds of vessels•The Royal Palace of the Ashanti Empire contained a suite of apartments on its upper floor that reminded a visitor to the palace of Wardour Street in central London.•Glass was manufactured at Ile-Ife in the sixth century ADFinally:•According to New Scientist, there are surviving Timbuktu manuscripts that ‘cover botany, medicine, biology, chemistry, mathematics and climatology’In writing this ebook, the author builds on the research of Professor Cheikh Ana Diop, Professor Ivan Van Sertima, Professor Charles Finch, Mr Hunter Adams, Mr Benaebi Benatari, Professor Rodney Medupe, Dr Nnamdi Elleh and Professor Claudia Zaslavsky.This lecture essay is one of four essays that introduce African and African Diasporan contributions to science and technology. The other three in the series concern Ancient Egypt, early East Africa and African Diasporan contributions to science and technology.

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Length N/A Pages
Language Eng
Released August 2, 2012
Identifier (ISBN) 19032081
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After spending years working in the corporate world, Robin Oliver Walker finally decided to pursue a lifelong passion for writing. They currently reside in a quiet suburb where they spend most of their time outlining new stories, reading extensively, and occasionally attempting to bake.

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Patricia Martin
Patricia Martin December 13, 2025
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Donald Collins
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"I was completely blown away. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. An effortless 5 stars."
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Jennifer Ramirez
Jennifer Ramirez January 04, 2025
"Exceeded all my expectations. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
Dorothy Wright
Dorothy Wright August 12, 2025
"Masterpiece from start to finish. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
Daniel  Parker
Daniel Parker August 21, 2024
"Masterpiece from start to finish. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
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"Absolutely brilliant. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
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"Exceeded all my expectations. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. A true literary gem."
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Ryan Jones
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"A very strong entry. A brilliant concept executed with flair. Just a few pacing choices I would change. I would highly recommend this to discerning readers."
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"Such a rich narrative. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
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"Honestly one of the most premium reading experiences lately. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. A true literary gem."
Emily  Davis
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"Such a rich narrative. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. Worth every moment spent reading."
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"Masterpiece from start to finish. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
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Brian King
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Kevin King
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"Exceeded all my expectations. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
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"A profoundly satisfying read. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
Karen Johnson
Karen Johnson November 21, 2024
"I thoroughly enjoyed the elegance of it. It held my rapt attention, even when certain twists were telegraphed. Quite impressive overall."
Stephanie Scott
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"Such a rich narrative. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
Donald Collins
Donald Collins March 05, 2024
"Exceeded all my expectations. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. A true literary gem."
Deborah Phillips
Deborah Phillips January 27, 2025
"A very strong entry. The protagonist was compelling, though some subplots felt slightly overshadowed. A solid 4 stars from me."
Melissa Gonzalez
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"Exceeded all my expectations. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. Worth every moment spent reading."
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"A profoundly satisfying read. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
Karen Williams
Karen Williams January 13, 2024
"Exceeded all my expectations. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
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"Honestly one of the most premium reading experiences lately. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. Worth every moment spent reading."
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"A very strong entry. A brilliant concept executed with flair. Just a few pacing choices I would change. Quite impressive overall."
John Harris
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Carol White
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"Excellent, though slightly flawed. The middle had a deliberate pace, but the climax was phenomenal. A wonderful companion for a quiet weekend."
William  Parker
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"An acceptable diversion. It possessed moments of brilliance, but the narrative felt slightly disjointed ultimately. Unlikely to reread, but a reasonable expenditure of time."
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"A profoundly satisfying read. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
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"A profoundly satisfying read. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
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"Exceeded all my expectations. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
Sharon King
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"Took a moment to build, but the payoff was spectacular. A brilliant concept executed with flair. Just a few pacing choices I would change. Quite impressive overall."
Carol Jackson
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"A decent, if standard, experience. It possessed moments of brilliance, but the narrative felt slightly disjointed ultimately. Perfectly average."
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"Absolutely brilliant. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. An effortless 5 stars."
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"A profoundly satisfying read. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. Worth every moment spent reading."
Amanda Turner
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"I thoroughly enjoyed the elegance of it. It held my rapt attention, even when certain twists were telegraphed. Quite impressive overall."
Andrew Miller
Andrew Miller March 26, 2025
"Masterpiece from start to finish. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
Karen Hall
Karen Hall February 01, 2024
"I was completely blown away. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. A true literary gem."
Rebecca Jones
Rebecca Jones March 19, 2025
"Exceeded all my expectations. It strikes a perfect harmony of dialogue and world-building. Every chapter felt necessary. A true literary gem."
Robert Gomez
Robert Gomez February 04, 2025
"Honestly one of the most premium reading experiences lately. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
Dorothy Phillips
Dorothy Phillips July 21, 2025
"A very strong entry. Beautiful writing, though I craved slightly more depth in the lore. Still, undeniably engaging. I would highly recommend this to discerning readers."
George Green
George Green November 25, 2024
"It was adequate. The prose was competent, yet the characters lacked the depth I usually seek. Unlikely to reread, but a reasonable expenditure of time."
Kenneth Williams
Kenneth Williams July 01, 2024
"Such a rich narrative. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
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"Masterpiece from start to finish. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
Rebecca Sanchez
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"I was completely blown away. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. Worth every moment spent reading."
Carol Wright
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"Such a rich narrative. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. An effortless 5 stars."
Jessica Thompson
Jessica Thompson December 16, 2025
"Such a rich narrative. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. Worth every moment spent reading."
Richard Rivera
Richard Rivera July 14, 2025
"Masterpiece from start to finish. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. A true literary gem."
Ryan Young
Ryan Young February 07, 2024
"Honestly one of the most premium reading experiences lately. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. An effortless 5 stars."
Patricia Baker
Patricia Baker April 14, 2024
"Not entirely to my refined tastes. The tempo was somewhat languid, and I found my mind wandering. Not poor, simply average. A fair 3 stars."
Carol Johnson
Carol Johnson March 08, 2025
"Absolutely brilliant. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. An effortless 5 stars."
Ryan Reyes
Ryan Reyes October 08, 2025
"Excellent, though slightly flawed. Beautiful writing, though I craved slightly more depth in the lore. Still, undeniably engaging. A solid 4 stars from me."
Andrew Jones
Andrew Jones November 25, 2024
"A profoundly satisfying read. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
Susan Wright
Susan Wright August 13, 2025
"Masterpiece from start to finish. It strikes a perfect harmony of dialogue and world-building. Every chapter felt necessary. An effortless 5 stars."
Lisa Ramirez
Lisa Ramirez December 01, 2025
"I was completely blown away. It strikes a perfect harmony of dialogue and world-building. Every chapter felt necessary. An effortless 5 stars."
Elizabeth Hill
Elizabeth Hill January 03, 2024
"Such a rich narrative. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
Richard Nelson
Richard Nelson January 12, 2025
"Masterpiece from start to finish. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
Charles Johnson
Charles Johnson July 02, 2025
"Masterpiece from start to finish. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
Daniel Brown
Daniel Brown November 08, 2024
"A profoundly satisfying read. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
Margaret Walker
Margaret Walker January 18, 2025
"Honestly one of the most premium reading experiences lately. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. A true literary gem."
Steven Allen
Steven Allen March 14, 2025
"Excellent, though slightly flawed. A brilliant concept executed with flair. Just a few pacing choices I would change. A very distinguished novel."
Robert Johnson
Robert Johnson September 12, 2025
"I was completely blown away. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
Jacob Ramirez
Jacob Ramirez February 03, 2024
"Took a moment to build, but the payoff was spectacular. A brilliant concept executed with flair. Just a few pacing choices I would change. I would highly recommend this to discerning readers."
Joshua Lewis
Joshua Lewis February 19, 2025
"I was completely blown away. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
Stephanie Collins
Stephanie Collins April 21, 2025
"Such a rich narrative. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. A true literary gem."
Nicholas Wright
Nicholas Wright May 26, 2025
"Honestly one of the most premium reading experiences lately. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
Susan Mitchell
Susan Mitchell January 06, 2025
"A profoundly satisfying read. It strikes a perfect harmony of dialogue and world-building. Every chapter felt necessary. Worth every moment spent reading."
Lisa Sanchez
Lisa Sanchez December 05, 2025
"Masterpiece from start to finish. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
Brian Collins
Brian Collins June 12, 2024
"A decent, if standard, experience. The tempo was somewhat languid, and I found my mind wandering. Not poor, simply average. A fair 3 stars."
Barbara Gomez
Barbara Gomez May 08, 2025
"Absolutely brilliant. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
Andrew Edwards
Andrew Edwards September 10, 2024
"Absolutely brilliant. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
Patricia Gonzalez
Patricia Gonzalez October 06, 2024
"I was completely blown away. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. Worth every moment spent reading."
Deborah Ramirez
Deborah Ramirez September 25, 2024
"A profoundly satisfying read. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
Paul Green
Paul Green January 15, 2024
"I was completely blown away. The author orchestrated a breathtaking finale. Truly a work of art. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
Mary Hall
Mary Hall November 05, 2025
"Exceeded all my expectations. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. A true literary gem."
Melissa Gonzalez
Melissa Gonzalez August 04, 2025
"A profoundly satisfying read. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. A true literary gem."
Laura Reyes
Laura Reyes September 03, 2025
"I thoroughly enjoyed the elegance of it. The protagonist was compelling, though some subplots felt slightly overshadowed. A very distinguished novel."
Karen Edwards
Karen Edwards November 15, 2024
"Absolutely brilliant. It strikes a perfect harmony of dialogue and world-building. Every chapter felt necessary. A true literary gem."
Emily Lee
Emily Lee October 22, 2025
"Absolutely brilliant. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. A true literary gem."
Susan Mitchell
Susan Mitchell January 31, 2024
"A decent, if standard, experience. Certain acts were fascinating, while others felt like a slight endeavor to complete. Suitable if your reading queue is empty."
John Mitchell
John Mitchell June 14, 2025
"Exceeded all my expectations. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. Worth every moment spent reading."
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