Discover Environments in Science Fiction: Essays on Alternative Spaces (Critical Explorations in Science Fiction and Fantasy, 44) by Susan M. Bernardo.
Start reading today and explore ideas, insights, and experiences that stay with you.
Overview:
We have made it easy for you to find a PDF Ebooks without any digging. And by having access to our ebooks online or by storing it on your computer, you have convenient answers with Case Studies in Organizational Behavior and Theory for Health Care: Environments in Science Fiction: Essays on Alternative Spaces (Critical Explorations in Science Fiction and Fantasy, 44) ,To get started finding Case Studies in Organizational Behavior and Theory for Health Care:Environments in Science Fiction: Essays on Alternative Spaces (Critical Explorations in Science Fiction and Fantasy, 44), you are right to find our website which has a comprehensive collection of manuals listed.
Our library is the biggest of these that have literally hundreds of thousands of different products represented.
Read full description
Advertisement
Details & Genres
NonfictionScience Fiction CriticismPhil Of SpaceWritingSort LaterIsTbr Sff Theory
Susan M. Bernardo is the author of several novels. Originally from the East Coast, they now live in the Midwest with family. In addition to writing, Susan M. Bernardo enjoys gardening, cooking, and reading way past bedtime. Their work often explores the complexities of everyday life and human relationships.
Good, but not quite perfect. I liked the main character, though some of the side plots were just okay. Not bad at all.
Melissa MitchellDecember 20, 2024
Finished it in a couple of days. I got really invested in the main character's journey. Everything just clicked for me. Glad I picked this up.
Sponsored Content
Mark TorresDecember 16, 2024
A solid read. Writing is good, just wish there was a bit more depth in certain parts. Still kept my attention though. A solid 4 stars from me.
Andrew GomezJuly 06, 2024
A very satisfying read. I loved how the story unfolded. It kept me guessing without being too confusing. Glad I picked this up.
Charles CruzMarch 27, 2025
Really enjoyed this one. It has a good balance of dialogue and description. Everything felt like it moved at the right speed. Would probably read it again at some point.
Nicholas CollinsJanuary 28, 2024
Glad someone recommended this to me. It has a good balance of dialogue and description. Everything felt like it moved at the right speed. Definitely recommend it if you like this genre.
James AndersonApril 19, 2025
Such a great read. I got really invested in the main character's journey. Everything just clicked for me. Definitely recommend it if you like this genre.
Nancy SanchezJanuary 08, 2024
Such a great read. The author did a great job wrapping everything up at the end. No weird plot holes left behind. Definitely recommend it if you like this genre.
Charles RobinsonFebruary 02, 2025
Took me a few chapters to get into it, but it was worth it. The middle dragged a tiny bit, but the ending totally made up for it. I'd probably recommend it to a friend.
Richard GonzalezJune 24, 2024
Finished it in a couple of days. The writing style is very engaging. It’s easy to follow but still has a lot of depth. Definitely recommend it if you like this genre.
Betty EdwardsDecember 27, 2025
Such a great read. I got really invested in the main character's journey. Everything just clicked for me. Worth the time and money.
Mark MooreOctober 27, 2024
Finished it in a couple of days. It has a good balance of dialogue and description. Everything felt like it moved at the right speed. Worth the time and money.
Amanda LeeSeptember 21, 2024
Really enjoyed this one. I got really invested in the main character's journey. Everything just clicked for me. Would probably read it again at some point.
Michael PhillipsAugust 29, 2025
Finished it in a couple of days. I got really invested in the main character's journey. Everything just clicked for me. Definitely recommend it if you like this genre.
Rebecca GomezOctober 08, 2024
Glad someone recommended this to me. The author did a great job wrapping everything up at the end. No weird plot holes left behind. Will be looking for more from this author.
Nancy BrownJuly 19, 2025
A solid read. It held my attention, even if a few things were a little predictable. I'd probably recommend it to a friend.
Daniel NguyenJanuary 10, 2024
Such a great read. I got really invested in the main character's journey. Everything just clicked for me. Will be looking for more from this author.
Patricia JonesApril 03, 2025
Pretty good overall. Interesting premise and executed fairly well. Just a few slow chapters here and there. A solid 4 stars from me.
David ClarkJuly 20, 2025
Such a great read. The pacing was spot on and the characters felt real. I didn't find myself getting bored at any point. A solid 5/5 for me.
Paul GarciaMarch 17, 2025
It was just alright. It felt a bit repetitive in the middle. Could have been shorter. Just right down the middle.
Ryan MooreJanuary 13, 2025
Pretty good overall. It held my attention, even if a few things were a little predictable. Still a good book.
Robert AllenFebruary 16, 2024
Finished it in a couple of days. The pacing was spot on and the characters felt real. I didn't find myself getting bored at any point. A solid 5/5 for me.
Kimberly SmithMarch 04, 2025
Glad someone recommended this to me. I got really invested in the main character's journey. Everything just clicked for me. Would probably read it again at some point.
Ryan SanchezSeptember 01, 2025
A solid read. The middle dragged a tiny bit, but the ending totally made up for it. Not bad at all.
Cynthia BakerJuly 02, 2024
A very satisfying read. I loved how the story unfolded. It kept me guessing without being too confusing. Will be looking for more from this author.
Rebecca NelsonApril 15, 2025
Honestly one of the better books I've read lately. I loved how the story unfolded. It kept me guessing without being too confusing. Glad I picked this up.
Susan ClarkNovember 07, 2025
Really enjoyed this one. The writing style is very engaging. It’s easy to follow but still has a lot of depth. Definitely recommend it if you like this genre.
Daniel SanchezNovember 08, 2024
Took me a few chapters to get into it, but it was worth it. It held my attention, even if a few things were a little predictable. Still a good book.
Jacob WilliamsAugust 25, 2025
Glad someone recommended this to me. The writing style is very engaging. It’s easy to follow but still has a lot of depth. Worth the time and money.
David LewisFebruary 11, 2025
I was pleasantly surprised. The author did a great job wrapping everything up at the end. No weird plot holes left behind. Would probably read it again at some point.
Betty RodriguezAugust 09, 2024
Really enjoyed this one. I got really invested in the main character's journey. Everything just clicked for me. A solid 5/5 for me.
Sarah NguyenJune 19, 2025
Pretty good overall. Interesting premise and executed fairly well. Just a few slow chapters here and there. Not bad at all.
Sarah HallNovember 25, 2025
Honestly one of the better books I've read lately. The author did a great job wrapping everything up at the end. No weird plot holes left behind. Would probably read it again at some point.
Jennifer TaylorSeptember 22, 2025
Glad someone recommended this to me. I loved how the story unfolded. It kept me guessing without being too confusing. Definitely recommend it if you like this genre.
Donna WhiteOctober 26, 2024
Glad someone recommended this to me. The author did a great job wrapping everything up at the end. No weird plot holes left behind. Will be looking for more from this author.
Rebecca WalkerApril 08, 2024
Good, but not quite perfect. The middle dragged a tiny bit, but the ending totally made up for it. Not bad at all.
Nicholas GarciaDecember 19, 2025
Good, but not quite perfect. It held my attention, even if a few things were a little predictable. Enjoyable weekend read.
Joshua WrightDecember 25, 2024
Honestly one of the better books I've read lately. The writing style is very engaging. It’s easy to follow but still has a lot of depth. Worth the time and money.
Matthew BrownSeptember 25, 2024
Finished it in a couple of days. It has a good balance of dialogue and description. Everything felt like it moved at the right speed. Would probably read it again at some point.
Donald ReyesAugust 05, 2025
Took me a few chapters to get into it, but it was worth it. I liked the main character, though some of the side plots were just okay. Not bad at all.
Stephanie WhiteApril 03, 2024
It was just alright. It felt a bit repetitive in the middle. Could have been shorter. Just right down the middle.
Mary DiazJune 25, 2025
Glad someone recommended this to me. The author did a great job wrapping everything up at the end. No weird plot holes left behind. Would probably read it again at some point.
Dorothy JonesOctober 02, 2025
I was pleasantly surprised. The pacing was spot on and the characters felt real. I didn't find myself getting bored at any point. Worth the time and money.
Rebecca RamirezJanuary 22, 2025
Glad someone recommended this to me. The author did a great job wrapping everything up at the end. No weird plot holes left behind. Definitely recommend it if you like this genre.
George DiazMarch 01, 2025
Good, but not quite perfect. Interesting premise and executed fairly well. Just a few slow chapters here and there. I'd probably recommend it to a friend.
Richard GonzalezMay 11, 2024
Glad someone recommended this to me. It has a good balance of dialogue and description. Everything felt like it moved at the right speed. Will be looking for more from this author.
Nicholas JacksonMarch 12, 2025
Honestly one of the better books I've read lately. I got really invested in the main character's journey. Everything just clicked for me. Would probably read it again at some point.
Joseph BrownMay 26, 2024
Glad someone recommended this to me. The pacing was spot on and the characters felt real. I didn't find myself getting bored at any point. A solid 5/5 for me.
Robert WalkerJuly 22, 2024
Not bad, but not my favorite. The pacing was a bit slow and I found myself skimming a few pages. It wasn't terrible, just okay. It's fine if you have nothing else to read.
David MooreFebruary 01, 2024
Pretty good overall. I liked the main character, though some of the side plots were just okay. Enjoyable weekend read.
Mary AndersonNovember 09, 2024
I liked it for the most part. Interesting premise and executed fairly well. Just a few slow chapters here and there. Still a good book.
Donald GreenNovember 05, 2025
Took me a few chapters to get into it, but it was worth it. I liked the main character, though some of the side plots were just okay. Enjoyable weekend read.
Daniel JacksonOctober 12, 2024
Took me a few chapters to get into it, but it was worth it. I liked the main character, though some of the side plots were just okay. Enjoyable weekend read.
Matthew AdamsMarch 12, 2025
Such a great read. I loved how the story unfolded. It kept me guessing without being too confusing. Definitely recommend it if you like this genre.
Mary MooreMarch 23, 2025
I was pleasantly surprised. The author did a great job wrapping everything up at the end. No weird plot holes left behind. Would probably read it again at some point.
Karen MillerDecember 16, 2025
A solid read. It held my attention, even if a few things were a little predictable. Still a good book.
Carol ClarkDecember 08, 2024
Honestly one of the better books I've read lately. The author did a great job wrapping everything up at the end. No weird plot holes left behind. A solid 5/5 for me.
Jacob MitchellJanuary 05, 2024
Such a great read. The author did a great job wrapping everything up at the end. No weird plot holes left behind. Glad I picked this up.
Laura LeeDecember 23, 2024
Glad someone recommended this to me. The writing style is very engaging. It’s easy to follow but still has a lot of depth. Glad I picked this up.
Ashley RobertsMay 25, 2024
A solid read. Interesting premise and executed fairly well. Just a few slow chapters here and there. Still a good book.
Mark RamirezJanuary 21, 2025
It was just alright. The writing was fine, but I didn't feel very connected to the characters. They felt a bit flat. A generous 3 stars.
Steven TaylorJune 24, 2024
Really enjoyed this one. The pacing was spot on and the characters felt real. I didn't find myself getting bored at any point. A solid 5/5 for me.
Brian HallJune 19, 2025
Good, but not quite perfect. It held my attention, even if a few things were a little predictable. Not bad at all.
Robert WalkerFebruary 04, 2024
Took me a few chapters to get into it, but it was worth it. The middle dragged a tiny bit, but the ending totally made up for it. Still a good book.
Donald CruzFebruary 01, 2025
I have mixed feelings about this one. The pacing was a bit slow and I found myself skimming a few pages. It wasn't terrible, just okay. It's fine if you have nothing else to read.
Betty EdwardsSeptember 14, 2024
I liked it for the most part. Interesting premise and executed fairly well. Just a few slow chapters here and there. Enjoyable weekend read.
George HarrisJuly 18, 2025
A very satisfying read. It has a good balance of dialogue and description. Everything felt like it moved at the right speed. Will be looking for more from this author.
Jennifer TaylorJuly 09, 2024
A solid read. The middle dragged a tiny bit, but the ending totally made up for it. Not bad at all.
George TorresDecember 11, 2024
A solid read. The middle dragged a tiny bit, but the ending totally made up for it. Still a good book.
Kimberly HernandezMarch 13, 2025
I was pleasantly surprised. The author did a great job wrapping everything up at the end. No weird plot holes left behind. A solid 5/5 for me.
Amanda WhiteJune 19, 2024
Such a great read. The writing style is very engaging. It’s easy to follow but still has a lot of depth. Will be looking for more from this author.
Ashley ScottMarch 15, 2025
A solid read. Interesting premise and executed fairly well. Just a few slow chapters here and there. Enjoyable weekend read.
Charles HarrisJune 11, 2025
I liked it for the most part. The middle dragged a tiny bit, but the ending totally made up for it. Not bad at all.
Eric RiveraJune 21, 2025
Really enjoyed this one. I got really invested in the main character's journey. Everything just clicked for me. A solid 5/5 for me.
Richard WalkerNovember 01, 2024
I liked it for the most part. Writing is good, just wish there was a bit more depth in certain parts. Still kept my attention though. A solid 4 stars from me.
Sandra TurnerNovember 05, 2025
Such a great read. The author did a great job wrapping everything up at the end. No weird plot holes left behind. Would probably read it again at some point.
Melissa ThompsonDecember 06, 2024
Really enjoyed this one. I loved how the story unfolded. It kept me guessing without being too confusing. A solid 5/5 for me.
Linda CarterJuly 09, 2024
Really enjoyed this one. The author did a great job wrapping everything up at the end. No weird plot holes left behind. A solid 5/5 for me.
Patricia PhillipsMay 02, 2024
Pretty good overall. The middle dragged a tiny bit, but the ending totally made up for it. Not bad at all.
Stephanie NelsonOctober 13, 2025
An average read for me. Some parts were interesting, while others were a bit of a slog to get through. Just right down the middle.
Karen ParkerJune 17, 2024
I liked it for the most part. Writing is good, just wish there was a bit more depth in certain parts. Still kept my attention though. A solid 4 stars from me.
David ClarkJune 13, 2025
Good, but not quite perfect. Writing is good, just wish there was a bit more depth in certain parts. Still kept my attention though. Still a good book.
Laura SmithJune 26, 2025
Glad someone recommended this to me. The author did a great job wrapping everything up at the end. No weird plot holes left behind. Definitely recommend it if you like this genre.
James WilliamsDecember 25, 2025
Glad someone recommended this to me. The writing style is very engaging. It’s easy to follow but still has a lot of depth. Worth the time and money.
Brian GonzalezSeptember 16, 2025
Good, but not quite perfect. It held my attention, even if a few things were a little predictable. Still a good book.
Sharon DiazDecember 21, 2025
A very satisfying read. The author did a great job wrapping everything up at the end. No weird plot holes left behind. Glad I picked this up.
Christopher ClarkOctober 06, 2025
Honestly one of the better books I've read lately. The pacing was spot on and the characters felt real. I didn't find myself getting bored at any point. Will be looking for more from this author.
Brian WhiteApril 16, 2024
Not bad, but not my favorite. Some parts were interesting, while others were a bit of a slog to get through. Probably won't read it again, but it was an okay way to pass the time.
Donald CruzNovember 15, 2024
A very satisfying read. I loved how the story unfolded. It kept me guessing without being too confusing. Glad I picked this up.
Jessica MitchellDecember 29, 2025
It was just alright. It had some good moments, but the overall plot felt a bit disjointed in the second half. Just right down the middle.
Donald AllenNovember 04, 2024
I was pleasantly surprised. It has a good balance of dialogue and description. Everything felt like it moved at the right speed. Glad I picked this up.
Dorothy JonesApril 29, 2025
Glad someone recommended this to me. The writing style is very engaging. It’s easy to follow but still has a lot of depth. Glad I picked this up.
Nancy LeeOctober 06, 2024
I liked it for the most part. Writing is good, just wish there was a bit more depth in certain parts. Still kept my attention though. Enjoyable weekend read.
Richard HallDecember 22, 2024
I was pleasantly surprised. It has a good balance of dialogue and description. Everything felt like it moved at the right speed. A solid 5/5 for me.
Betty RodriguezSeptember 20, 2025
Took me a few chapters to get into it, but it was worth it. It held my attention, even if a few things were a little predictable. A solid 4 stars from me.
Nancy EdwardsMarch 09, 2025
A solid read. Writing is good, just wish there was a bit more depth in certain parts. Still kept my attention though. Not bad at all.
Gary TurnerMay 01, 2025
Pretty good overall. Interesting premise and executed fairly well. Just a few slow chapters here and there. A solid 4 stars from me.
Matthew AdamsNovember 28, 2024
I was pleasantly surprised. I got really invested in the main character's journey. Everything just clicked for me. Definitely recommend it if you like this genre.
Sarah AllenApril 12, 2025
Really enjoyed this one. The writing style is very engaging. It’s easy to follow but still has a lot of depth. Glad I picked this up.
Jessica RiveraJune 23, 2025
Finished it in a couple of days. I loved how the story unfolded. It kept me guessing without being too confusing. Will be looking for more from this author.
George TorresMay 27, 2025
I liked it for the most part. I liked the main character, though some of the side plots were just okay. Still a good book.
Charles AdamsSeptember 02, 2024
Finished it in a couple of days. It has a good balance of dialogue and description. Everything felt like it moved at the right speed. Would probably read it again at some point.
Nancy GonzalezAugust 23, 2024
A very satisfying read. It has a good balance of dialogue and description. Everything felt like it moved at the right speed. Glad I picked this up.
Edward JonesMarch 21, 2025
Really enjoyed this one. The writing style is very engaging. It’s easy to follow but still has a lot of depth. Will be looking for more from this author.
Joseph BrownOctober 31, 2025
Took me a few chapters to get into it, but it was worth it. Interesting premise and executed fairly well. Just a few slow chapters here and there. I'd probably recommend it to a friend.
George TurnerMarch 24, 2025
Took me a few chapters to get into it, but it was worth it. Writing is good, just wish there was a bit more depth in certain parts. Still kept my attention though. Enjoyable weekend read.
Rebecca RamirezMay 08, 2024
A very satisfying read. The writing style is very engaging. It’s easy to follow but still has a lot of depth. Worth the time and money.
Patricia ReyesMay 07, 2024
Honestly one of the better books I've read lately. I loved how the story unfolded. It kept me guessing without being too confusing. Glad I picked this up.
Stephanie MillerFebruary 21, 2025
It was okay. The pacing was a bit slow and I found myself skimming a few pages. It wasn't terrible, just okay. A generous 3 stars.
Carol NelsonMay 14, 2024
Glad someone recommended this to me. The writing style is very engaging. It’s easy to follow but still has a lot of depth. Will be looking for more from this author.
James HarrisOctober 23, 2024
I liked it for the most part. It held my attention, even if a few things were a little predictable. I'd probably recommend it to a friend.
Eric MooreJune 10, 2024
Pretty good overall. It held my attention, even if a few things were a little predictable. A solid 4 stars from me.
Laura MillerOctober 28, 2025
Finished it in a couple of days. The writing style is very engaging. It’s easy to follow but still has a lot of depth. Glad I picked this up.
Robert DiazDecember 21, 2024
An average read for me. Some parts were interesting, while others were a bit of a slog to get through. Might work better for someone else, just wasn't completely for me.
Paul ScottApril 04, 2025
I was pleasantly surprised. I got really invested in the main character's journey. Everything just clicked for me. Worth the time and money.
James TaylorFebruary 05, 2025
Glad someone recommended this to me. I loved how the story unfolded. It kept me guessing without being too confusing. Will be looking for more from this author.
Charles RobinsonSeptember 09, 2024
I was pleasantly surprised. The pacing was spot on and the characters felt real. I didn't find myself getting bored at any point. A solid 5/5 for me.
Dorothy WhiteFebruary 13, 2025
Honestly one of the better books I've read lately. I got really invested in the main character's journey. Everything just clicked for me. Worth the time and money.
Donna CollinsOctober 31, 2024
Finished it in a couple of days. I loved how the story unfolded. It kept me guessing without being too confusing. Definitely recommend it if you like this genre.
Elizabeth ParkerJuly 14, 2024
It was okay. Some parts were interesting, while others were a bit of a slog to get through. A generous 3 stars.
Sarah MillerSeptember 23, 2024
Honestly one of the better books I've read lately. It has a good balance of dialogue and description. Everything felt like it moved at the right speed. Worth the time and money.
Deborah AllenNovember 27, 2024
I have mixed feelings about this one. It had some good moments, but the overall plot felt a bit disjointed in the second half. Probably won't read it again, but it was an okay way to pass the time.
Karen SmithMarch 02, 2025
A solid read. The middle dragged a tiny bit, but the ending totally made up for it. Not bad at all.
George MitchellMay 14, 2025
Not bad, but not my favorite. The pacing was a bit slow and I found myself skimming a few pages. It wasn't terrible, just okay. It's fine if you have nothing else to read.
Patricia RodriguezJune 24, 2024
A solid read. The middle dragged a tiny bit, but the ending totally made up for it. Still a good book.
Nicholas AllenFebruary 05, 2025
I liked it for the most part. It held my attention, even if a few things were a little predictable. Not bad at all.
Barbara LewisFebruary 23, 2024
Honestly one of the better books I've read lately. The author did a great job wrapping everything up at the end. No weird plot holes left behind. Definitely recommend it if you like this genre.
Patricia MartinJuly 15, 2025
Took me a few chapters to get into it, but it was worth it. It held my attention, even if a few things were a little predictable. Still a good book.
Deborah FloresJanuary 05, 2024
I was pleasantly surprised. I loved how the story unfolded. It kept me guessing without being too confusing. Worth the time and money.
Jessica RiveraSeptember 05, 2025
Finished it in a couple of days. I got really invested in the main character's journey. Everything just clicked for me. Worth the time and money.
Patricia RodriguezSeptember 26, 2024
Honestly one of the better books I've read lately. It has a good balance of dialogue and description. Everything felt like it moved at the right speed. Would probably read it again at some point.
Donna KingMay 28, 2024
Good, but not quite perfect. I liked the main character, though some of the side plots were just okay. A solid 4 stars from me.
Nancy BrownAugust 23, 2025
Really enjoyed this one. I loved how the story unfolded. It kept me guessing without being too confusing. Worth the time and money.
Nicholas GarciaMarch 31, 2024
Finished it in a couple of days. I loved how the story unfolded. It kept me guessing without being too confusing. Definitely recommend it if you like this genre.
Stephanie ThompsonFebruary 06, 2025
Glad someone recommended this to me. The writing style is very engaging. It’s easy to follow but still has a lot of depth. A solid 5/5 for me.
Ashley RobertsOctober 20, 2025
Such a great read. I loved how the story unfolded. It kept me guessing without being too confusing. Definitely recommend it if you like this genre.
Matthew TurnerAugust 24, 2024
I liked it for the most part. The middle dragged a tiny bit, but the ending totally made up for it. Not bad at all.
Nancy BrownMay 10, 2025
Such a great read. I loved how the story unfolded. It kept me guessing without being too confusing. Definitely recommend it if you like this genre.
John LeeJune 16, 2025
Pretty good overall. Writing is good, just wish there was a bit more depth in certain parts. Still kept my attention though. Still a good book.
Stephanie AdamsApril 13, 2025
A very satisfying read. It has a good balance of dialogue and description. Everything felt like it moved at the right speed. A solid 5/5 for me.
Cynthia HallMay 21, 2025
Not bad, but not my favorite. The pacing was a bit slow and I found myself skimming a few pages. It wasn't terrible, just okay. A generous 3 stars.
Brian WilsonMay 18, 2025
Pretty good overall. The middle dragged a tiny bit, but the ending totally made up for it. I'd probably recommend it to a friend.
Kimberly CampbellJune 13, 2025
Not bad, but not my favorite. It felt a bit repetitive in the middle. Could have been shorter. Just right down the middle.
Donna BakerFebruary 25, 2025
An average read for me. The pacing was a bit slow and I found myself skimming a few pages. It wasn't terrible, just okay. A generous 3 stars.
Karen ParkerJanuary 02, 2025
Honestly one of the better books I've read lately. I got really invested in the main character's journey. Everything just clicked for me. Glad I picked this up.
Michelle CruzMay 27, 2025
Glad someone recommended this to me. I got really invested in the main character's journey. Everything just clicked for me. Will be looking for more from this author.
Melissa MooreMay 16, 2024
A very satisfying read. The writing style is very engaging. It’s easy to follow but still has a lot of depth. Will be looking for more from this author.
John LeeDecember 12, 2025
It was okay. It had some good moments, but the overall plot felt a bit disjointed in the second half. Might work better for someone else, just wasn't completely for me.
Rebecca NguyenJune 04, 2025
A very satisfying read. The writing style is very engaging. It’s easy to follow but still has a lot of depth. Glad I picked this up.
Melissa JonesJuly 09, 2025
A very satisfying read. I got really invested in the main character's journey. Everything just clicked for me. Glad I picked this up.