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International Cooperation in Research and Development: An Update to an Inventory of U.S. Government Spending

International Cooperation in Research and Development: An Inventory of U.S. Government Spending and a Framework for Measuring Benefits

Penned By Caroline S. Wagner
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International Cooperation in Research and Development: An Update to an Inventory of U.S. Government Spending

International Cooperation in Research and Development: An Inventory of U.S. Government Spending and a Framework for Measuring Benefits

Penned By Caroline S. Wagner
4.85 87,151 Ratings
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Editor's Note:
Scientific research is becoming increasingly more globalized and more collaborative. At the same time, there is growing pressure within the United States to justify government funding for science and technology (S&T). The potential conflict between these developments raises questions of whether U.S. investment in S&T benefits U.S. taxpayers and whether investment in scientific capacity building overseas has created competition rather than mere assistance. To understand the answers to these questions, this report describes the scope and nature of U.S. spending on international cooperative research and development (ICRD) in fiscal year (FY) 1997. Most spending (over 90 percent) is for collaboration on common research problems among scientists from different countries. Aerospace S&T dominated spending, with biomedical science a distant second. This book finds that the federal government spent $4.4 billion on ICRD in FY 1997, an increase of $1.1 billion over FY 1995. However, this figure may reflect better data collection and increased reporting, rather than an actual increase in spending. The only notable change in the two-year period involves a substantial increase in cooperative activity with Russia, tied heavily to space-related projects.

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Released February 17, 1998
Identifier (ISBN) 15015710
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Caroline S. Wagner
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Caroline S. Wagner

After spending years working in the corporate world, Caroline S. Wagner finally decided to pursue a lifelong passion for writing. They currently reside in a quiet suburb where they spend most of their time outlining new stories, reading extensively, and occasionally attempting to bake.

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"Took a moment to build, but the payoff was spectacular. Beautiful writing, though I craved slightly more depth in the lore. Still, undeniably engaging. A very distinguished novel."
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"Exceeded all my expectations. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
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"Excellent, though slightly flawed. The middle had a deliberate pace, but the climax was phenomenal. A wonderful companion for a quiet weekend."
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"I thoroughly enjoyed the elegance of it. It held my rapt attention, even when certain twists were telegraphed. A very distinguished novel."
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"A highly sophisticated read. The middle had a deliberate pace, but the climax was phenomenal. A solid 4 stars from me."
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"Honestly one of the most premium reading experiences lately. I adored how the story unfolded. It kept me captivated without sacrificing elegance. I will undoubtedly revisit this masterpiece."
Stephanie Adams
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"I thoroughly enjoyed the elegance of it. Beautiful writing, though I craved slightly more depth in the lore. Still, undeniably engaging. I would highly recommend this to discerning readers."
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"Such a rich narrative. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
James Thompson
James Thompson October 27, 2024
"A profoundly satisfying read. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
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"Exceeded all my expectations. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. A true literary gem."
Laura Garcia
Laura Garcia April 05, 2024
"A decent, if standard, experience. It verged on repetitive in the second act. A more concise edit would have served it well. Suitable if your reading queue is empty."
Matthew Phillips
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"A profoundly satisfying read. It strikes a perfect harmony of dialogue and world-building. Every chapter felt necessary. An effortless 5 stars."
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"A very strong entry. It held my rapt attention, even when certain twists were telegraphed. A solid 4 stars from me."
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"Took a moment to build, but the payoff was spectacular. Beautiful writing, though I craved slightly more depth in the lore. Still, undeniably engaging. A solid 4 stars from me."
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"Honestly one of the most premium reading experiences lately. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. An effortless 5 stars."
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"I was completely blown away. I became deeply invested in the protagonist's journey. A masterclass in storytelling. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
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Andrew Thomas
Andrew Thomas April 17, 2025
"Took a moment to build, but the payoff was spectacular. It held my rapt attention, even when certain twists were telegraphed. A wonderful companion for a quiet weekend."
William Ramirez
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"Exceeded all my expectations. The prose is exquisite. It’s accessible yet undeniably sophisticated. I am now a lifelong fan of this author."
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"A very strong entry. It held my rapt attention, even when certain twists were telegraphed. A solid 4 stars from me."
Nancy Taylor
Nancy Taylor September 17, 2024
"I was completely blown away. The pacing was impeccable and the characters felt incredibly authentic. I was completely immersed. An absolute must-read for connoisseurs of the genre."
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"An acceptable diversion. Certain acts were fascinating, while others felt like a slight endeavor to complete. Suitable if your reading queue is empty."
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